Wednesday, June 10, 2009

《春末闲谈》- 鲁迅




细腰的毒针在青虫身上一螫,麻痹了运动神经,便呈不死不活状态。封建统治者对人民施行各种统治方法,也想使他们甘心成为被奴役榨取的机器,这就把统治者不管挂着任何美名的方法的“麻痹术”实质形象的揭示出来。文章进一步分析,细腰之 于青虫,只需要它不动,这比较容易。封建统治者之于人民群众,却是要无知觉而能运动,这是无法统一的矛盾。无知觉就不能运动,也就不能贡献统治者以“玉食 ”,一有知觉,就能思想,会识破种种麻痹术,进行反剥削压迫的斗争。文章以此论证统治者的一切麻痹术不能完全凑效。

显然,我国到现在还充斥着一大堆细腰蜂!!

Tuesday, May 5, 2009

Task 1: Role of energy policy

Task 1: Role of energy policy in renewable energy accomplishment: The case of second-generation bioethanol (Energy Policy 36 (2008) 3360– 3365)

Author: Kok Tat Tan, Keat Teong Lee, Abdul Rahman Mohamed
Date: 5-5-2009 (1800)
Keywords: Bioethanol, Energy policy, Lignocellulose

Abstract
Renewable energy has been in the limelight ever since the price of crude petroleum oil increases to the unprecedented height of US$96 per barrel recently. This is due to the diminishing oil reserves in the world and political instabilities in some oil-exporting countries. The advantages of renewable energy compared to fossil fuels are enormous in terms of environment and availability. Biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel are currently being produced from agricultural products such as sugarcane and rapeseed oil, respectively. Collectively, these biofuels from food sources are known as first-generation biofuels. Although first-generation biofuels have the potential to replace fossil fuels as the main source of energy supply, its production is surrounded by certain issues like tropical forests’ destruction. Instead, secondgeneration bioethanol, which utilizes non-edible sources such as lignocellulose biomass to produce ethanol, has been shown to be more suitable as the source of renewable energy. However, there are challenges and obstacles such as cost, technology and environmental issues that need to be overcome. Hence, the introduction of energy policy is crucial in promoting and implementing second-generation bioethanol effectively and subsequently become a major source of renewable energy.


A. Introduction:

1. Reasons: political instabilities, diminishing

2. Criteria: affordable (Low cost), environmental friendly, liquid form (40% of total energy consumption, basically used in vehicles)

3. Incongruities: food-fuel issue, forest destruction

4. Second generation bioethanol: Lignocellulose --> saccharification (hydrolysis) à glucose
a. cheap, plentiful & easily obtainable feedstock
b. non-edible (waste)
c. lower production cost (70% of 1st generation bioethanol’s)
d. short rotation crops (SRC): miscanthus, switch grass
e. high yield/area: mischantus (40 tonnes/hectare/year) > corn (7 t/h/y)
f. less climate restriction: miscanthus > sugarcane (tropical only)
g. high energy output to input ratio (check Harvey, 2007)
h. carbon balance: high output to input (O/I) ratio --> sequester larger amounts of carbon underground
i. CO2-equivalent (CO2eq.) emission savings


B. Challenges

1. Cost and technology: Hydrolysis of the cellulose --> enzyme is expensive, yield is low

2. Environmental issue:

a. frequent harvest --> degrade the productivity of land
b. dwindle the soil’s fertility
c. flooding

3. Biomass availability: limitations of present technology to hydrolyze the biomass --> devote a marginal land to cultivate non-edible energy crops

4. Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs): only 3% of total vehicles in US (Brazil has good effort)


C. Energy Policy


1. Brazilian Alcohol Program (PROALCOOL), 1975:

a. convert sugar into bioethanol
b. reduce petroleum oil import (due to petroleum oil crisis) à energy security and trade balance
c. stabilizing fluctuating sugar price --> Brazil is the world main exporter of sugar
d. incentives --> subsidy to bioethanol producers for each liter produced
e. low-interest loans to increase plant capacity
f. ensured that the selling price of bioethanol was lower than gasoline
g. mandated compulsory blending of gasoline with bioethanol (Gasohol)
h. production of ethanol-fueled vehicles (agreements with major vehicle manufacturers)
i. Benefits: save on import expenditure of petroleum oil, accumulating up to US$33 billion (1996), more employments, cleaner environment

2. Policies suggested:

a. R & D with government and private grants and funding (e.g. Novozymes)
b. Consolidated BioProcessing (CBP)
c. USA: Energy Policy Act 2005
--> Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS), where beginning in 2013, a minimum of 250 million gallons per year of cellulosic ethanol will be blended into fuel supply
d. Cooperation between government and private companies --> to build a systematic infrastructure to collect, transport and store cellulosic feedstock
e. Promote the use of FFVs by reducing vehicle tax and mandatory blending of gasoline with bioethanol
f. Incentives to retailers to install infrastructure such as blender pumps at all gas stations
g. Carbon-based fuel tax policy based on the carbon content of the fuel (presently has been carried out in countries such as Sweden, Finland and Norway)
h. Certification system should be implemented for all cellulosic feedstock to ensure that only minimal environmental degradation is involved (Similar efforts: Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
i. Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) should be conducted for all feedstock as an assessment tool to determine the most efficient approach in harvesting feedstock



Summarized by C.S.G.

Saturday, May 2, 2009

三十

三十
词:京
曲:sc

雨 仿似冬天雪花飘下
月台上 沉默的你冷吗
听 轨道和轮子的摩擦
风衣也磨出了一道道泪花

人 轻轻 步上不知何处天涯
双眼凝望天边吗
名 写在 日记本某页的干花
渐渐干枯的枝桠

#谁都可以把自己的故事写下
风吹雨打 激起火花 尽管力竭声沙
耳际边不知哪年会白了那头发
期待乌黑眼眸 有盛放的鲜花

等 分秒时钟多少时差
三十年来几分之几呀
灯 总在阑珊时刻潇洒
激烈如烟花 在一瞬间风化

人 轻轻 步上不知何处天涯
双眼凝望天边吗
名 写在 日记本某页的干花
渐渐干枯的枝桠

#谁都可以把自己的故事写下
风吹雨打 激起火花 尽管力竭声沙
耳际边不知哪年会白了那头发
期待乌黑眼眸 有盛放的鲜花

人群吞没之后 我也消失如散沙





Sunday, April 26, 2009

错过

错过 version 1.1
词:京

Cadd7 Am7
听说街角的咖啡店有你年前留下的物件
Dm C
我悄悄抹去尘埃露出泛黄那张脸
Dm Cm7
皮包里面原来藏着你的一针一线
C Dm
风衣破裂的伤口却是风霜多少年

十二寸半的皮鞋印仿佛早已经刻在那边
转着命运的骰子 步步依依向前
拿铁上的泡沫无差顺着半圆圈
嘴角风干的痕迹分不清是苦还是甜

#错过了这班地铁 错过了你的那一天
错过了这条方程式 错过了那转折点

错过了熟悉的街 错过了你的那瞬间
错过了花香的季节 错过了幸福边缘 (错过了永远)

齿轮终究跟随轨道 咬紧下一圈
卷进规律的漩涡 难以突破(go down)
当那一分那一秒 在那一个空间
错过了昨天 失去了明天

Thursday, March 12, 2009

巴厘“海”记(一)

巴厘“海”记(一)


三月九日,穿透云雾,在飞机上俯视这一块天神打造的绿宝石,浸在湛蓝的海洋里的时候,我惊觉这一画面已经烙印在我的脑海里,无法抹去。

当伊斯兰的旗帜插遍东南亚的时候,独独这颗被人遗弃的宝石,保存了印度教的脉息。在众神的加持下,深邃唯美的印度教文化把这颗本不起眼的石头打造成了光芒四射,灿烂夺目的绿珠。

令我受到冲击的是,这些说着语调比马来语更为优雅的印尼语的巴厘人,耳际带着一瓣茉莉,手上捧着一盆鲜花,向着印度神祗膜拜。与印尼其他地方和马来西亚大不相同,这些同宗同祖的棕种人,虽然嘴巴说着一样的语言,但是宗教信仰、风俗文化,竟是迴然相异,保留了千年前当伊斯兰教尚未发芽,印度教盛行时的风味。


德士驶入七曲八弯的羊肠小道,方知这条公路即为市区主要公路,路边满是商店、食肆,还有数之不尽的石雕。精细、深邃的石雕突出了巴厘人的艺术修养。一尊尊生动活泼的雕刻,诉说着多少故事,歌颂着多少英雄。典型的东方中国式瓦片屋顶,加上古老印度的雕饰,配上东南亚独有的手工,却能够衬托出温和淳朴,独树一帜的巴厘风光。当发现这许多风味十足的建筑竟有一大部分是平民住宅时,心里不禁升起了一股敬意。这些建筑承载了多么厚重的历史,却又完美的保留至今,庄重至万寺之母,平凡至平民之家,皆千百年颜色不改。


虽经历沧海桑田,那强烈的艺术涵养,除了实体建筑外,还深深的雕刻在巴厘人的心灵层面上。舞蹈,绘画。。。(待续)

Sunday, March 8, 2009

巴厘前夜

原谅我这一生不羁放纵爱自由,也会怕有一天会跌倒。。

但也许人生太短,skip test又如何?

当世事再没完美,可远在岁月如歌中找你。。。

WOWHOU~~

(加一段吉他独奏~)

Saturday, March 7, 2009

夜深记

“啪。”

我回头一看,零零落落的行人。可能是老鼠还是猫弄倒什么,我低头继续向前走。那冰冷的街道像是寂寞的妖兽,张大着嘴巴,吞噬着一切的温。
嗯,有点冷的夜晚。我双手藏在风衣的口袋,把玩着里头的零钱。霓虹灯像夜晚的太阳般垂直照在我的脑袋,脚下浮出无数暗橘色的剪影。
雨后的夜空总是带有一丝血红,不知是霓虹的渲染,或是我太睏了。车子都不行走了,只有几个夜猫在咖啡馆里泡着,倒数着朝阳的升起。我的皮鞋踩着积水,“噼嚓噼嚓”,徘徊在钢铁森林里。

“啪。”

我回头一看,除了长长的橘色人行道,只有一片空荡。
嗯?我摇摇头。可能是酒精作怪,最近脑袋总是不听使唤,沉重的好像工地里的钢条。我摸了摸上衣口袋,抽出一包烟,点燃了计时炸弹。双眼开始朦胧,我的脑袋得到了一点点解放。
长期在生产线上工作使我培养了一种习惯,那就是白天绝不抽烟。因此在晚上应酬那些脑满肠肥的家伙时,我才能尽情的吞云吐雾。这么说来,我抗压能力还是算不错的。

“啪。”

我身子一紧,右手掏出手机,回头一望!我警惕地扫视,企图在黑暗中揪出那把声音。
嗯?!一条黑色的流浪狗从我身旁跑过,嘴巴还叼着一根鸡骨头。我吁了一口气,对着自己的影子苦笑,最近的治安越发令人心寒了。
我加快脚步,转出大街,街上车辆多了,许多网咖还人满为患,我也松懈下来,把思维转向明天的工作,想方设法把时间的运用最大限度的利益最大化。

“啪。”

我的心脏仿佛被人敲了一下,那诡异的声音又再响起。我停下脚步,缓缓转身。
什么都没有。
我狠狠地敲了自己的头,企图让自己更加清醒。这是怎么一回事?一定是幻觉。我是这么认为。

“啪。”

“喂。”我实在忍不住了,不过喝多了两杯,难道就这么多幻觉?烟我也不想抽了,步伐越发快速,只想赶快回家。
“啪。”

我忍住了回头的想法。

“啪。啪。”
“啪!啪!啪!啪!啪!”
我蓦然回首!
什么都没有!
我茫然的摇了摇头,揉了揉疲累的双眼,张大双眼再看清楚。
什么都没有。
是什么都没有!
只有一片黑暗!

我目瞪口呆的望着那一片黑暗,难道发生大停电?我环顾四周,全城仿佛陷入黑暗的地狱。

Tuesday, January 27, 2009

Shalibang

Shalibang
by:伊京
初二正月,乙丑

给我一点光线吧
让我辐照大地
穿透那跳跃的
Shalibang
精致的咒语
编织得很闪亮
摸摸烫烫的胸口
原来是一朵盛开的郁金香

啊 是不是酒的精灵在跳舞
一声精彩的旋转
在鼻梁上卷曲
撑开无边的灿烂
然后
在水里面
在空气里面
在浮肿的眼球里面
开拓了无边
如同脱缰野马
几句简单的话
就放肆地沙哑
Shalibang
开垦那秘密啊
我卷起袖子
举起锄头
挖出那深深的眼影
染上一点彩虹

吼吼 老人在唱歌
我游走在不可思议的鲜红
寻找歌颂
干瘪之前的那一抹感动
如此娇艳放浪
Shalibang
拍打着岸边的顽固
无视那蔑视
无视那无视

用力的
很用力的拥抱
只是为了拥抱
Shalibang
我抚摸你的额头
一起歌唱
你双手轻轻扶起裙摆
飞舞在我手上
在我胸膛
在我肩膀
在还没有轨迹的脸上
滑翔

Shalibang
完美的腔
告诉那遥远的山上
我挺起的下巴
会保留这一份遗憾
任其滋长
在亲吻你的时候
任其流淌
等到太阳升起的时候
等到白云飘过的时候
恢复一片光洁明亮